Newtrist Nutritionist Dietitian Dietician

Autoimmune Disease

Autoimmune disease prevails when the body’s immune system attacks its healthy cells. Living with an autoimmune disease can be tough, but a personalized diet plan can make a big difference.

At Newtrist Nutritionist Dietitian Dietician, we prepare your personalized autoimmune disease diet plan based on your health, food habits, and lifestyle. The diet plan is designed to complement your medical treatment and enhance your quality of life.

An autoimmune disease can be diagnosed with the presence of antibodies produced against antigens.

The immune system does not differentiate between healthy cells and foreign bodies. The body creates a reaction that targets normal cells. The body might produce antigens in response to an invader may be a bacteria/virus which causes some changes that confuse the immune system.

Autoimmune disease is not limited to a particular organ or tissue. Skin, muscles, joints, connective tissues, blood vessels, red blood cells, and thyroid glands are some of the areas often affected by autoimmune disease.

Autoimmune Skin Diseases

• Alopecia Areata usually referred to as “spot baldness” is a disease characterized by hair loss in one or more places of the body. Bald spots appear on the scalp of the head in this condition.
• Autoimmune angioedema is the swelling of the skin or tissue under the skin or mucous membrane. The face, arms, legs, abdomen, and tongue are some of the areas that can be affected.
• Autoimmune progesterone dermatitis is a rare disease that starts to appear with symptoms like burning in the eyes which later on develops into rashes. Lesions, papules, and eczematous eruptions are some of the signs of autoimmune progesterone dermatitis.
• Autoimmune urticaria is a type of rash with red, raised, and itchy bumps on the surface of the skin. The rashes may last for a few days but for a few people, they may last for weeks. This type of rash occurs frequently.
• Bullous pemphigoid is a skin disease that can be seen in people over the age of 60 characterized by the formation of blisters. It usually occurs in between the epidermis and dermis layer of the skin.
• Cicatricial pemphigoid is a rare autoimmune condition in which erosive lesions of the mucous membranes and skin are noticed. The oral mucosa of the mouth is a commonly affected area causing lesions in the gums.
• Dermatitis herpetiformis is a chronic skin condition with itchy blisters filled with watery fluid. Skin inflammation resembles herpes virus infections.
• Discoid lupus erythematosus is a chronic autoimmune skin condition that affects the lupus erythematosus causing red, inflamed, painful, and coin-shaped patches with a scaly appearance. It can be seen on the cheeks, ears, and scalp.
• Epidermolysis bullosa acquisita is a long-term disorder that is characterized by blisters on fragile skin and turns red with/without trauma. This type of blister leaves scars on the skin and is usually found in people around 50 years of age.
• Erythema nodosum is the inflammation of fat cells under the skin that disappears on its own within a month. People aged 12-20 years are prone to get affected by this skin condition with early signs of flu-like symptoms.
• Gestational pemphigoid is a rare condition that appears during the gestational period around the navel with small bumps, blisters, and intense itching. This condition may spread to the legs in the second trimester or immediately after delivery.
• Hidradenitis suppurativa also known as “acne inversa” is a skin condition characterized by inflamed or swollen lumps. These lumps cause pain and break open to release pus/fluid.  The underarms, groin, and area under the breasts are the most affected areas.
• Lichen planus is a chronic condition that causes inflammation in the skin, nails, hair, and mucus membranes. This condition cannot be cured but the symptoms can be controlled with some medications.
• Lichen sclerosus is a chronic noncontagious skin disease that affects any part of the body, particularly the genitals. It is also known as Balanitis Xerotica Obliterans (BXO) when the penis is affected.
• Linear IgA disease is a rare autoimmune disease that has been linked to exposure to medications. This disease is further classified into Adult linear IgA and Childhood linear IgA.
• Morphea is a form of scleroderma characterized by patches of hard skin on the hands, face, and feet. This disease does not impact the internal organs. The hardening of skin may be due to excessive deposition of collagen.
• Pemphigus vulgaris is a rare chronic disease in which blisters are formed on the surface of the skin. This disease is common among middle-aged and old age people of 50-60 years. These blisters leave scars and lesions after erosion.
• Pityriasis lichenoides et varioliformis acuta is a more severe form of pityriasis lichenoides chronica autoimmune disease. Rashes and small lesions are some of the signs of this disease. This disease is more common in men in the young adulthood stage.
• Mucha-Habermann disease is the other name for Pityriasis lichenoides et varioliformis acuta.
• Psoriasis is a noncontagious autoimmune disease characterized by itchy, scaly skin with raised bumps on the skin. Psoriasis can be found in a specific area or over the whole body that can be moderate/severe.
• Systemic scleroderma is caused due to excess accumulation of collagen in the skin and internal organs. Small arteries may be subjected to injuries due to fibrosis. Systemic sclerosis can be limited or diffused that differs in the area of affection.
• Vitiligo causes discoloration of the skin for which the cause is unknown. Pale and patchy depigmented skin is the only sign of vitiligo. The patches may appear in a small part of the body and gradually spreads to all parts of the body.

Autoimmune Muscle Diseases

• Dermatomyositis is an inflammatory disorder that affects muscles and skin. Muscle weakness and skin rashes are common symptoms of dermatomyositis. Fever, weight loss, and light sensitivity may accompany the symptoms of dermatomyositis.
• Fibromyalgia refers to chronic pain, fatigue, pain in the lower abdomen, cognitive symptoms, cramps, insomnia, and depression. The cause may be due to genetic and environmental factors. A healthy diet and certain medications can provide some relief from this condition.
• Inclusion body myositis, an inflammatory muscle disease is more common among aged people. The gradual development of muscle weakness and muscle wastage from the hands and legs are the most experienced symptoms. Performing daily activities becomes a challenge.
• Myositis is an autoimmune disorder that causes inflammation of muscles which can be in the form of rashes, muscle weakness, and involvement of some organs. Skin infections, injuries, certain medications, and autoimmune disorders can be the major causes of myositis.
• Myasthenia gravis (MG) is an autoimmune disease that causes varying degrees of skeletal muscle weakness. The eyes and face are the most affected areas which can lead to double vision, drooping of eyelids, and difficulty in walking and swallowing.
• Neuromyotonia (NMT) is the hyperexcitability of the peripheral nerve that causes repetitive motor action of muscular activity. NMT may be hereditary or acquired forms. Muscle cramps, stiffness, difficulty in walking, increased sweating, and fatigue may result due to hyperactivity of muscles.
• Paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration is a paraneoplastic syndrome related to lung cancer, ovarian cancer, breast cancer, and Hodgkin’s syndrome. It is a rare syndrome that can be observed in less than 1% of cancer patients.
• Polymyositis is a chronic muscle inflammation in which a group of muscles is inflamed at one time. Weakness and loss of muscle mass are the symptoms associated with polymyositis causing difficulty in climbing stairs and getting up from a chair.

Autoimmune Heart Diseases

• Myocarditis is an inflammatory disease that causes inflammation of heart muscles. Chest pain, irregular heartbeat, shortness of breath, and difficulty in exercising are some of the common symptoms of myocarditis.
• Postmyocardial infarction syndrome is also known “Dressler syndrome” is caused by an autoimmune inflammatory reaction. The disease is characterized by low-grade fever, chest pain, and pericardial effusion.
• Postpericardiotomy syndrome (PPS) is an immune phenomenon that is caused after a trauma or puncture of the cardiac muscles. Pericarditis, pericardial effusion, pleuritis, and pulmonary infiltration are some of the complications of PPS.
• Subacute bacterial endocarditis (SBE) is a form of type III hypersensitivity that is characterized by fever, excessive sweat, and weakness. It is usually caused by the infection of streptococcus bacteria that live in the mouth. Streptococcus intermedius, another strain of streptococci can also cause acute or subacute infection.

Autoimmune Kidney Diseases

• Anti-glomerular basement membrane nephritis also called “Goodpasture Syndrome” is a rare disease that affects the basement membrane in the kidneys and lungs which can lead to bleeding n the lungs, glomerulonephritis, and renal failure.
• Lupus nephritis is caused by systemic lupus erythematosus which is characterized by the inflammation of the kidneys. X-rays, blood tests, urine analysis, kidney biopsy, and ultrasound examinations are some of the methods used to diagnose lupus nephritis.  

Autoimmune Blood Diseases

• Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) or Antiphospholipid antibody syndrome is an autoimmune disease caused by antiphospholipid antibodies. It promotes the formation of blood clots in the arteries and veins and increases pregnancy complications like miscarriage, premature birth, and severe preeclampsia.
• Aplastic anemia is the severe deficiency of iron that results in insufficient production of blood cells. A deficiency of red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets are caused due to aplastic anemia that leads to decreased immunity.
• Autoimmune hemolytic anemia is caused when the body’s own red blood cells are destroyed by the antibodies. This results in the termination of the red blood cells earlier than their lifetime. This is a very rare condition where only 5-10 cases are recorded for one million persons per year.
• Autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome (ALPS) is a rare genetic disorder that affects the apoptosis of lymphocytes. Increased proliferation of lymphoid organs causes an increase in the size of the lymph nodes and spleen.
• Autoimmune neutropenia is an autoimmune disorder most common in infants and young children. In this condition, the body identifies neutrophils as foreign bodies and produces antibodies to destroy them. An ear infection is a common symptom of autoimmune neutropenia.
• Autoimmune thrombocytopenic purpura is a condition with low platelet count. Red or purple rashes in association with an increased risk of bleeding can create an acute condition in children and a chronic condition in adults.
• Cold agglutinin disease is a rare disease that contains high concentrations of cold-sensitive antibodies like IgM and autoantibodies that even survive at temperatures below 30℃ (86°F). the antibodies bind with red blood cells at low temperatures between 28-31℃.
• Essential mixed cryoglobulinemia is characterized by a large number of cold-sensitive antibodies like cryoglobulins that become insoluble at low temperatures. The cryoglobulins clump together when the body temperature drops and become soluble when the temperature rises.
• Evans syndrome is an autoimmune disease in which the red blood cells and platelets are attacked by the immune system. A person may experience fatigue and weakness if the red blood cells are affected and increased clotting time, nosebleeds, and increased bruising if the platelets are affected.
• Pernicious anemia results due to the deficiency of vitamin B12. An insufficiency of red blood cells occurs due to the malabsorption of vitamin B12. Dizziness, breathlessness, low blood pressure, cold hands and feet, yellowing of the skin, and headaches are some of the symptoms of pernicious anemia.
• Pure red cell aplasia (PCRA) is a type of aplastic anemia that affects the formation of red blood cells in the bone marrow. Fatigue, pale appearance, and rapid heartbeat are some of the symptoms of PCRA.
• Thrombocytopenia refers to reduced levels of platelet count in the blood. A person might need immediate treatment when the platelet levels fall below 50,000/µl. thrombocytopenia is usually symptomatic and can only be diagnosed with a complete blood count.

Autoimmune Liver Diseases

• Autoimmune hepatitis also known as Lupoid hepatitis and Plasma cell hepatitis characterized by the inflammation of the liver when the body’s immune system attacks the healthy liver cells. Autoimmune hepatitis is usually asymptomatic in its early stages but it can be diagnosed with abnormal liver function tests and increased levels of protein in the blood.
• Primary Biliary Cholangitis (PBC) is caused by the slow destruction of small bile ducts which causes the accumulation of bile and other toxins in the liver resulting in Cholestasis. Liver tissues may be damaged leading to cirrhosis.
• Primary Sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) is a long-term disease that affects the liver and gall bladder with zero symptoms. Some people may experience symptoms of liver disease like yellow pigmentation of the skin, abdominal pain, and itching.

Autoimmune Lung Disease

• Anti-synthetase syndrome is a rare disease associated with interstitial lung disease, myositis, and arthritis. Women are more prone to this disease when compared to men. Early stages may be asymptomatic whereas, severe conditions may develop with intermittent relapses.

Autoimmune Bladder disease

• Interstitial cystitis is a type of Bladder Pain Syndrome (BPS) in which the person experiences severe pain in the bladder for which the cause is unknown. Some of the common symptoms are frequent desire to urinate, and pain during intercourse.

Autoimmune Adrenal Gland disease

• Addison’s disease is a long-term endocrine disorder in which the production of steroid hormones, cortisol, and aldosterone is affected. Inadequate production of these hormones causes adrenal insufficiency with the sudden onset of the symptoms.

Autoimmune Multi-glandular diseases

• Autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome (APS) type 1 is a genetic autoimmune disorder that causes dysfunction of multiple endocrine glands. It is mainly seen in small children around 3 years of age with symptoms like hypoparathyroidism, Addison’s disease, and ectodermal dystrophy.
• Autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome (APS) type 2 is the most common form of polyglandular failure syndrome that is closely associated with Addison’s disease, autoimmune thyroid disease, and type 1 diabetes with symptoms like low blood pressure, anemia, weight loss, diabetes, palpitations, and frequent urination.
• Autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome (APS) type 3 is an autoimmune disease characterized by lymphocytic infiltration of endocrine and non-endocrine glands.

Autoimmune Pancreatic Diseases

• Autoimmune pancreatitis (AIP) is a rare type of chronic pancreatitis that is difficult to differentiate from pancreatic carcinoma. Certain immunosuppressive treatments can help with this condition instead of surgery.
• Diabetes Mellitus Type 1 (Juvenile diabetes) is a disease that originates when the immune system destroys the cells that produce insulin which regulates blood sugar levels.  Symptoms may include frequent urination, increased thirst, delayed wound healing, and blurred vision.

Autoimmune Thyroid Diseases

• Autoimmune thyroiditis, also known as Hashimoto’s disease occurs when the immune system interprets the components of thyroid glands as enemies and produces antibodies to kill its cells. It is commonly reported as Hypothyroidism with/without goiter.  Muscle weakness, intolerance to colds, dry skin, brittle hair, depression, and fatigue are some of the common symptoms of autoimmune thyroiditis.
• Ord’s thyroiditis is an autoimmune thyroid disease more common in women than men. Hypothyroidism and atrophy of the thyroid gland are a few symptoms of Ord’s thyroiditis.
• Grave’s disease, commonly referred to as toxic diffuse goiter is one of the common causes of hyperthyroidism. Inflammation of the thyroid gland in association with weight loss, muscle weakness, disturbances in sleeping patterns, increased heart rate, and diarrhea results from Grave’s disease.

Autoimmune Diseases in Reproductive Organs

• Autoimmune oophoritis is a rare autoimmune disease that affects the ovaries. This causes inflammation of the ovaries, fibrosis, and atrophy which can lead to Primary Ovarian Insufficiency (POI). This disease restricts the reproductive functions of ovaries before the age of 40.
• Endometriosis is a condition when cells similar to the endometrium (an inner lining of the uterus) grow on the outer layer of the uterus which is mostly found on the ovaries, fallopian tubes, and the tissues that cover the uterus and ovaries. Pain in the pelvic region and heavy menstrual flow are some of the common symptoms.
• Autoimmune orchitis is a rare autoimmune disease characterized by testicular pain and inflammation.

Autoimmune Disease in Salivary glands

• Sjogren syndrome is an autoimmune disease of the salivary and lacrimal glands that harms the lungs, kidneys, and nervous system. Dryness of mouth and eyes, pain, chronic cough, numbness in the hands and legs, and certain thyroid problems are some of the symptoms of Sjogren syndrome.

Autoimmune Diseases of the Digestive system

• Autoimmune enteropathy is a rare autoimmune disease that targets infants and children. It causes severe diarrhea, vomiting, discomfort in the digestive tract, and weight loss. This condition lowers the efficiency of the absorption of nutrients from the foods and increases the need for rehydration and replenishment of body fluids.
• Coeliac disease (celiac disease) affects the small intestine causing the patients to develop intolerance to gluten-rich foods. Severe diarrhea, loss of appetite, malabsorption of nutrients, and abdominal distention hinder the growth patterns in children. Coeliac disease is commonly found in six months to two years of age.
• Crohn’s disease is a long-term inflammatory bowel disease that can cause diarrhea, abdominal pain, abdominal distention, and fever. Skin rashes, swelling of the eyes, anemia, fatigue, and arthritis are some of the complications found outside the GI tract.
• Esophageal achalasia is a condition caused when the smooth muscles fail to relax which makes the lower esophageal sphincter ( a muscle between the esophagus and stomach that opens to allow the food to pass through) remain closed. Achalasia can also be found in the GI tract and rectum.
• Microscopic colitis can be differentiated into Collagenous colitis and Lymphocytic colitis which is characterized by the presence of watery diarrhea. Abdominal pain and unexpected weight loss may accompany this condition.
• Ulcerative colitis is a long-term autoimmune disease symptomized by the inflammation and ulcers of the colon and rectum. Diarrhea mixed with blood, abdominal pain, weight loss, anemia, and fever are the commonly occurring symptoms of UC. The symptoms may range from mild to severe based on the disease conditions.

Autoimmune Diseases of the Connective tissue, Systemic, and Multi-organs

• Adiposis dolorosa also known as Dercum’s disease (Lipedema) is the excess accumulation of fat in the abdominal region and lower part of the body. The deposition of fat can make skin folds and weight loss might be a challenge in these conditions.
• Adult-onset Still’s disease (AOSD) is a rare anti-inflammatory disease characterized by inflammation of the liver and spleen, joint pain, high fever, and rashes that may arise as bumps. Ferritin, an iron-binding protein is found in increased levels in this condition. Clinical diagnosis can help to identify this disease.
• Ankylosing spondylitis is an inflammatory arthritis condition that marks the inflammation of the joints and spine, especially the place where the spine adjoins the pelvis. Shoulder joints and hip joints are the mainly affected areas accompanied by backache. The mobility of the joints gradually reduces as the disease worsens.
• CREST Syndrome also called “limited cutaneous form of systemic sclerosis (lcSSc) refers to the autoimmune disorder of the connective tissues. The CREST refers to Calcinosis, Raynaud’s phenomenon, Esophageal dysmotility, Sclerodactyly, and Telangiectasia. Pulmonary arterial hypertension results when the lungs are affected.
• Drug-induced lupus erythematosus is an autoimmune disease caused by the consistent usage of drugs. The disease causes symptoms similar to systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Joint pain and muscle weakness are the typical symptoms of drug-induced lupus condition.
• Enthesitis-related arthritis (ERA) is an autoimmune disease where the enthesis is inflamed. Enthesis is a place where the ligaments/tendons get inserted into the bone. The pain may worsen in the morning when there is little or no movement. The common site of ERA is the heel where the Achilles’ tendons attach to the calcaneus.
• Eosinophilic fasciitis also called Shulman’s disease is an inflammatory condition that affects the fascia, neighboring blood vessels, nerves, and muscles. This disease is self-limited where the arms and legs are the most affected areas. Steroid treatment can benefit a little bit but some cases are associated with aplastic anemia.
• Felty syndrome is a rare autoimmune disease that shows symptoms such as spleen enlargement, a drop in the neutrophil count, and rheumatoid arthritis. Aged people are most prone to this disease. Patients may experience stiffness in the joints, inflammation, and pain in the joints similar to rheumatoid arthritis.
• IgG4-related disease is an inflammatory condition that involves tissue infiltration with IgG4-secreting plasma cells and lymphocytes. The IgG4 concentrations present in the serum increase in acute conditions. Early diagnosis prevents organ damage and severe complications.
• Juvenile arthritis is the arthritis condition of children below 16 years of age. Swollen joints, dry eyes, scaly skin, loss of appetite, high fever, and digestive tract disturbances are some of the common symptoms of juvenile arthritis. Inflamed joints can cause impairment of growth in young children.
• Lyme disease is a chronic disease caused by the infection of Borrelia burgdorferi that may persist even after treatment. Long-term antibiotic treatment can be beneficial for Lyme disease with the persistence of some symptoms.
• Mixed connective tissue disease (MCTD) is an autoimmune disease with increased blood levels of a specific autoantibody. Certain other autoimmune diseases like systemic lupus erythematosus, polymyositis, and scleroderma contain this specific autoantibody. The presence of positive anti-nuclear antibodies (ANA) in combination with Raynaud’s phenomenon is an indication of this disease.
• Palindromic rheumatism (PR) is a disease characterized by inflammatory attacks around the joints that are self-resolving. Acute onset of symptoms like swelling of one or more joints, pain, and redness determines the severity of the disease and the extent of palindromic attacks.
• Parry-Romberg syndrome (PRS) is a rare autoimmune disease that causes shrinkage and degeneration of the cells lying below the surface of the skin. This condition is usually found only on one side of the face but can extend to other parts of the body rarely. The cause of this disease is unknown but it is suspected to be a consequence of sympathectomy.
• Parsonage-Tuner Syndrome, also called acute brachial neuropathy is a syndrome for which the cause is unknown. The arms and shoulder joints are subjected to weakness and numbness. The atrophy and weakness can lead to paralyzation in severe cases.
• Psoriatic arthritis (PsA) is a long-term autoimmune disease that affects people with autoimmune psoriasis. The fingers and toes may be inflamed like sausages in this disease condition. Nails may undergo changes like thickening, small depressions of the nail, and detachment of the nails from the nail bed.
• Reactive arthritis also referred to as “Reiter’s syndrome” is a type of inflammatory arthritis that develops in response to an infection in some other part of the body. A bacterial/viral infection may trigger the disease. The major symptom of reactive arthritis is inflammation of fewer than five joints. HIV patients are at a higher risk of reactive arthritis.
• Relapsing polychondritis is a multi-systemic condition where the cartilage undergoes repeated inflammation and deterioration. Joint deformities and respiratory tract illness can result from this disease. The signs and symptoms may vary from person to person making it difficult to diagnose it for several months.
• Retroperitoneal fibrosis (Ormond’s disease) is the proliferation of the fibrous tissue present in the retroperitoneum. Kidney failure, back pain, hypertension, and deep vein thrombosis are some of the symptoms of retroperitoneal fibrosis. A biopsy is advised when the body doesn’t respond to initial treatments.
• Rheumatic fever is an inflammatory disease that involves the heart, skin, brain, and joints. The disease develops after a streptococcal throat infection. Fever, joint pain, involuntary movement of muscles, and occasional rashes may result from this disease. Rheumatic heart disease can cause damage to heart valves that can lead to heart failure and infection of the valves.
• Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune disease that mainly affects the joints causing the joints to swell. Stiffness and pain can worsen especially in the morning. The wrist and hand joints are the most affected parts whereas the skin, eyes, heart, lungs, nerves, and blood are also prone to be affected.
• Sarcoidosis is a disease that involves the abnormal collection of inflammatory cells that clump together to form lumps called granulomata. Mild symptoms like coughing, wheezing, shortness of breath, and pain in the chest may accompany this disease condition.
• Schnitzler syndrome is a rare autoimmune inflammatory disease found in middle age with the chronic onset of fever, joint pain, bone pain, loss of weight, inflammation of the lymph glands, enlargement of the liver and spleen, and fatigue. This condition cannot be cured but treatment can help a bit.
• Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease where the healthy tissues of the body are affected by the body’s immune system. This disease is characterized by rashes on the face, fever, chest pain, hair loss, swollen lymph nodes, ulcers in the mouth, and swollen and painful joints.
• Undifferentiated connective tissue disease (UCTD) also known as Latent lupus or Incomplete lupus is an autoimmune condition that is diagnosed when it does not meet the criteria of any autoimmune disease like scleroderma or systemic lupus erythematosus. The symptoms vary extensively from person to person the common of which are general unwellness, fatigue, joint pain, and inflammation.

Autoimmune Diseases of the Nervous System

• Acute Disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM) also referred to as “Acute Demyelinating Encephalomyelitis” is a rare inflammatory disease characterized by the inflammation of the brain and spinal cord. It causes damage to the central nervous system and its myelin insulation which leads to the destruction of the white matter. ADEM’s symptoms are often identical to those of multiple sclerosis.
• Acute motor axonal neuropathy (AMAN) is a type of Guillain-Barre syndrome that is characterized by acute paralysis and loss of reflexes. The motor nerves are subjected to antibody-mediated attacks. The sensory neurons remain unaffected causing no issues in the sensation despite immobility.
• Anti-N-methyl-D-Aspartate (Anti-NMDA) Receptor Encephalitis is a disease that causes inflammation of the brain due to antibodies. This disease is characterized by fever, tiredness, and headache. Chaos and confusion may also be triggered sometimes. Difficulty in breathing and fluctuations in blood pressure and heartbeat can affect the daily activities of the patient.
• Balo concentric sclerosis is a demyelinating disease that affects the white matter of the brain. The white matter appears in concentric layers keeping the axis cylinder intact. Balo concentric sclerosis is a type of pattern III multiple sclerosis. An MRI reveals concentric lesions that are different in children when compared to adults.
• Bickerstaff’s encephalitis is a rare disease that affects the central nervous system and peripheral nervous system. Weakness of the face and limb muscles, drowsiness, coma, and hyperreflexia are some of the symptoms that indicate Bickerstaff’s encephalitis. A minor respiratory tract infection or gastroenteritis may be one of the causes of this disease.
• Chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (CIDP) causes impairment of the sensory functions of the arms and limbs. It is an acquired autoimmune disease that affects the peripheral nervous system. It is one of the types of neuropathy that shares the symptoms of progressive inflammatory neuropathy.
• Guillain-Barre syndrome (GBS) is a disease that causes damage to the peripheral nervous system due to the immune system with the rapid onset of muscle weakness. Back pain and muscle weakness in the arms and the upper body start to develop and may extend to a few weeks. The disease may be triggered by an infection, surgery, or vaccination.
• Hashimoto’s encephalopathy, also referred to as Steroid-responsive encephalopathy is often associated with Hashimoto’s thyroiditis/autoimmune thyroiditis. It is a rare condition symptomized by personality changes, speech problems, jerks and lack of coordination of the muscles, and seizures.
• Idiopathic inflammatory demyelinating diseases (IIDDs) are often termed “Idiopathic” as their cause is mostly unknown. A group of demyelinating diseases causes damage to myelin. The symptoms of IIDDs are identical to that of Multiple sclerosis which is a syndrome rather than a single disease.
• Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome (LEMS) is a rare syndrome characterized by muscle weakness of the limbs. Electromyography and blood tests are often used to diagnose the condition and distinguish it from myasthenia gravis (a neuromuscular disease). If the cause of the disease is cancer, then cancer treatments can help in subsiding the symptoms.
• Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a demyelinating disease that damages the nerve cells of the brain and spinal cord. This nerve damage affects signal transmission which may lead to physical and psychological problems. Double vision, one-eye blindness, difficulty in coordination and sensation, and muscle weakness are the symptoms experienced by MS patients.
• Progressive inflammatory neuropathy is a neurological problem reported among workers in the pig slaughterhouse and pork processing units. The disease might have been contracted through the inhalation of aerosols from pig brains and it is characterized by weakness, pain, fatigue, paralysis, and numbness.
• Restless legs syndrome (RLS) also known as “Willis-Ekbom Disease” is a long-term disease that creates a strong desire to move the legs which helps to improve an unpleasant feeling in the legs. Aching, tingling, and crawling nature may create discomfort in the legs while at rest disturbing the sleeping hours. Some people experience limb twitching during sleep.
• Stiff-person syndrome (SPS), also referred to as “Stiff-Man syndrome (SMS) is a rare disease with an unknown cause with symptoms like stiffness, rigidity, chronic pain, and impaired mobility. Middle-aged people are prone to this disease. Persons affected with SPS contain glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) which can be detected with the help of blood tests and electromyography.
• Sydenham’s chorea often known as Rheumatic chorea is an autoimmune disease caused due to the infection of Group A beta-hemolytic Streptococcus during childhood. It is characterized by the lack of coordination of the muscles of the hands, feet, and face. The disease is more common in female children than in male children between 5-15 years of age.
• Transverse myelitis (TM) is a rare condition characterized by inflammation of the spinal cord. It causes weakness and numbness in the limbs, deficits in motor skills and sensation, and malfunction of the autonomous nervous system. It also leads to elevated blood pressure levels and decreased electrical conductivity of the nervous system.

Autoimmune Diseases of the Eyes

• Autoimmune retinopathy (AIR) is a rare disease that affects the retinal proteins which leads to loss of eyesight. This disease is further classified into Cancer-associated Retinopathy (CAR) and Melanoma-associated Retinopathy (MAR). The autoimmune antibodies cause degeneration of the retina while recognizing the retinal proteins as antigens.
• Autoimmune uveitis is the inflammation of the uvea which is a pigmented layer that lies between the inner retina and the outer fibrous layer of the eye. Iris, choroid, and ciliary body form part of the uvea. Pain in the eyes, redness of the eyes, blurred vision, and floaters are some of the symptoms of autoimmune uveitis.
• The cogan syndrome is a rare rheumatic autoimmune condition characterized by the inflammation of the cornea in association with fatigue, fever, weight loss, dizziness, buzzing in the ears, and hearing problems. Vasculitis (inflammation of the blood vessels) may also be observed in some cases of Cogan syndrome. The abnormal count of white blood cell count and erythrocyte sedimentation rate confirm this condition.
• Grave’s ophthalmopathy also referred to as “Thyroid Eye disease” (TED) is an inflammatory disease of the periorbital and orbit tissues which is characterized by the retraction of upper eyelids. Inflammation of the eyes, redness, conjunctivitis, and bulging of the eyes are the other possible symptoms of Grave’s ophthalmopathy.
• Intermediate uveitis is the inflammation of the uveitis found in the vitreous and peripheral retina. Intermediate uveitis can be an isolated eye disease or related to multiple sclerosis or sarcoidosis. Redness of the eyes, painful eyes, blurred vision, photophobia, and floaters are some of the clinical signs to be noted in Intermediate uveitis.
• Ligneous conjunctivitis is a rare disease characterized by lesions of pseudo membranes on the lower side of the eyelid. The deficiency of plasmin-mediated extracellular fibrinolysis delays wound healing. Eye surgery, minor trauma, and antifibrinolytic therapies may be one of the causes of ligneous conjunctivitis.
• Mooren’s ulcer is a rare disorder that destroys the peripheral cornea which may lead to blindness. The pathogenesis is mostly due to the production of antibodies against the molecules of the corneal stroma. Blurred vision, photophobia, progression in the ulcer of the cornea, pain, and redness of the eyes are some of the symptoms of Mooren’s ulcer.
• Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorders (NMOSD) is an autoimmune disease characterized by the inflammation of the optic nerve and spinal cord. Immunoglobin G autoantibodies, a water channel protein of the central nervous system are the main cause of Neuromyelitis Optica. Multiple sclerosis and NMO share similar clinical symptoms. The symptoms are usually relapsing and remitting, whereas, it may be progressive in a few rare cases.
• Opsoclonus myoclonus syndrome (OMS) also referred to as “Opsoclonus-Myoclonus-Ataxia (OMA) is a rare neurological syndrome that is caused due to the autoimmune process of the nervous system. Children with neuroblastoma and celiac disease are more prone to OMS. Diagnosis may be troublesome as this disease occurs at the age of 19 months (6-36 months).
• Optic neuritis also known as Optic papillitis is the inflammation of the optic nerve associated with demyelinating diseases and infections. This condition is also termed Neuroretinitis and Retrobulbar Neuritis based on the affected areas. Sudden loss of vision (partial/complete), blurred/foggy vision, and pain during the movement of the affected eye are some of the symptoms of optic neuritis.
• Scleritis is a serious disease that affects the sclera, a white outer coating of the eyes. Granulomatosis with polyangiitis or rheumatoid arthritis may be the main cause of the disease. The three main types of scleritis are Diffuse scleritis, Nodular scleritis, and Necrotizing scleritis. Connective tissue disease is the early symptom of scleritis.
• Susac’s syndrome (Retinocochleocerebral vasculopathy) is a very rare form of microangiopathy. The disease is characterized by occlusions of the retinal artery and deafness. The exact cause is unknown but it may be caused due to the production of antibodies against the endothelial cells that can damage the tiny arteries.
• Sympathetic ophthalmia (SO) also known as “Spared Eye Injury” is a granulomatous inflammation of the uveal layer in both eyes. So can cause permanent blindness in a person. Symptoms may extend from days to weeks following an eye injury. Sensitivity to light, floaters, and pain may occur in the infected eye.
• The Tolosa-Hunt syndrome is a rare syndrome characterized by the weakness and paralysis of muscles surrounding the eye, followed by severe one-sided headaches and orbital pain. Double vision, chronic fatigue, fever, drooping of the upper eyelid, and vertigo are the other signs of Tolosa-Hunt syndrome. Protrusion of the eyeballs can also be observed occasionally.

Autoimmune Diseases of the Ears

• Autoimmune inner ear disease (AIED) is a progressive autoimmune disease that affects the vestibular system and causes sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL). Antibodies that are produced as a result of immune reactions damage the structures of inner ears like the cochlea and vestibular system. Treatment can help to improve the symptoms meanwhile untreated AIED can lead to permanent deafness.
• Meniere’s disease (MD) is an inner ear disease characterized by severe episodes of vertigo, tinnitus, poor hearing, headaches, ringing in the ears, and a feeling of fullness in the ears. The pain may last from 20 minutes to a few hours. It affects people between 40-60 years of age. A hearing test can help with diagnosis.

Autoimmune Diseases of the Vascular System

• Behcet’s disease (BD) is a non-contagious inflammatory disease that affects various parts of the body for which the cause is unknown. Some common symptoms are inflammation of parts of the eyes, arthritis, and painful sores on the mucus membranes of the mouth. Inflammation of the brain and spinal cord, blood clots, and blindness are the rare symptoms of BD.  
• Eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis (EGPA) also known as “Allergic granulomatosis” is an extremely rare disease that leads to inflammation of small and medium-sized blood vessels in persons with a medical history of atopy (airway allergic hypersensitivity). EGPA is classified into 3 stages – The prodromal (early) stage, Hypereosinophilia (second stage), and Vasculitis and cell death (third stage).
• Giant cell arteritis (GCA) also referred to as “Temporal Arteritis” causes inflammation of the large blood vessels that surround the head and neck accompanied by symptoms like headache, double vision, flu-like symptoms, pain over the temples, and difficulty in opening the mouth. Blood vessels carrying blood to the eyes may be blocked in severe stages causing blindness.
• Granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA) formerly known as “Wegener’s granulomatosis” (WG) is a rare disorder that involves the granulomas formation and vasculitis (inflammation of small and medium-sized blood vessels) mostly in the upper respiratory tract, lungs, and kidneys. Blocked nose, nasal bleeding, the crustiness of the nasal secretions, and inflammation of the uveal layer of the eyes are some of the typical symptoms of GPA.
• IgA vasculitis (IgAV) also known as “Henoch-Schonlein Purpura” (HSP) is a disease that affects the skin, mucus layer, and various other organs in children. Small raised lesions that bleed underneath the skin called palpable purpura develop on the skin in association with abdominal and joint pain. IgA vasculitis is often triggered by a throat infection.
• Kawasaki disease is a type of vasculitis that affects children under 5 years of age characterized by symptoms like a long-term fever that does not respond to usual medications. Other symptoms may include rashes in the lips, palms, soles of the feet, and genital areas, redness of the eyes, and formation of large lymph nodes in the neck region. The peeling of the skin from the hands and feet indicates the recovery of the condition.
• Leukocytoclastic vasculitis also known as “Cutaneous small-vessel vasculitis” (CSVV) is the most common form of vasculitis caused by the inflammation of small blood vessels in the post-capillary venules of the dermis. Palpable purpura is a common symptom of CSVV. Red and flat spots may be seen in the early stages, but they develop into red-purple raised bumps as the condition progresses.
• Lupus vasculitis is a condition in which autoimmune responses cause rheumatoid factors to deposit within the blood vessels. It is a complication of systemic lupus erythematosus which mostly affects younger men.
• Rheumatoid vasculitis is a skin condition that causes lesions like purpura, cutaneous ulceration, and gangrene of the distal parts of the extremities. Rheumatoid vasculitis is a typical feature of rheumatoid arthritis.
• Microscopic polyangiitis (MPA) is an autoimmune disease that causes small vessel vasculitis without any evidence of granulomatous inflammation. The possible symptoms are fever, loss of appetite, weight loss, myalgia, fatigue, and arthralgia. The body may show a wide variety of symptoms like cough, presence of blood while coughing, skin disorders, kidney failure, and abdominal pain since numerous organs may be affected.
• Polyarteritis nodosa (PAN) is a rare disease that characterizes the inflammation of medium-sized arteries, typically the arteries of the kidneys and other internal organs. This disease is sometimes associated with hepatitis infections. PAN affects organs like the heart, kidneys, skin, and nervous system which causes constitutional symptoms like unintentional weight loss, fatigue, weakness, fever, and loss of appetite.
• Polymyalgia rheumatica (PMR) is a syndrome that causes stiffness and pain in the neck, shoulders, upper arms, and hips which reduces daily activities. Some people experience pain while waking up in the morning while others may feel the pain in the evening or all day long. Corticosteroids can help to treat this condition whereas, the pain may vanish on its own for some people.
• Urticarial vasculitis is a skin disease that is characterized by recurrent urticarial lesions which show off like vasculitis. It is a rare autoimmune disease that has no defined parameters for the etiology and progression of the disease.
• Vasculitis is a group of disorders that cause inflammation of the arteries and veins and damage them. The main cause of vasculitis is the migration of leukocytes and resultant damage. Lymphangitis is also a type of vasculitis. Vasculitis can affect the heart, kidneys, respiratory tract, GI tract, skin, nervous system, muscles, and joints and cause a broad array of symptoms.

Autoimmune Disease of the System

• Primary immunodeficiencies (PIM) are a group of disorders where a part of the immune system malfunctions or is missing. PIM is not caused due to external factors and it is mostly inborn. PIM is diagnosed in infants under 1 year of age and milder forms are unrecognizable in adults. Consistent infections, inflammatory disorders, tumors, and disorders of various organs indicate the presence of immunodeficiencies.

Autoimmune Diet

An autoimmune Diet should be rich in fresh vegetables, fruits, whole grains, and foods rich in omega-3 fatty acids that help reduce inflammation and other symptoms related to autoimmune disease. Unprocessed foods and foods rich in antioxidants are the best diets for autoimmune disorders. The choice of foods has a direct impact on the severity of autoimmune diseases. A balanced and nutritious diet in combination with regular exercise, adequate sleep, stress management, and lifestyle modifications helps them to recover faster and lead a healthy life.

• Early morning drink @ 6:30 am: Carrot juice/Kombucha
• Breakfast @ 9 am: Oats-besan cheela with green chutney
• Mid-morning meal @ 11 am: Fruits bowl
• Lunch @ 1 pm: Wild rice with mushroom curry and cucumber salad
• Evening snack @ 4 pm: Roasted cauliflower and pumpkin soup
• Dinner @ 7 pm: Grilled chicken steak and a slice of ripe papaya slice

Worst Foods for Autoimmune Disease

The worst Foods for Autoimmune Disease are fried foods, refined foods, dairy products, red meats, pastries, caffeinated drinks, and some nightshade vegetables like eggplants, peppers, and potatoes. These foods are highly inflammatory which causes side effects like muscle weakness, joint pain, IBS, bloating, and stomach discomfort.

AIP Diet

• Early morning drink @ 6:30 am: Kombucha/Kimchi
• Breakfast @ 9 am: Carrot coconut smoothie
• Mid-morning meal @ 11 am: Green garlic soup
• Lunch @ 1 pm: Creamy chicken salad with olive oil dressing
• Evening snack @ 4 pm: Fresh fruit salad
• Dinner @ 7 pm: Cauliflower and corn rice bowl

AIP diet (Autoimmune Protocol diet) consists of foods that keep inflammation at bay and are similar to that of the paleo diet but stricter than it.

The main goal of the AIP diet is to reduce inflammation, pain, and other symptoms related to autoimmune diseases. Improvement in the symptoms was observed in people who followed an AIP diet. during autoimmune disease conditions, the body’s immune system produces antibodies instead of fighting against infections.

The gut barrier can be damaged which increases the permeability of the intestines called the “Leaky gut” which increases the risk of certain autoimmune diseases. Elimination of gluten-rich foods and foods high in saturated fats and replacing them with healthy and nutrient-dense foods helps to improve the symptoms of autoimmune disorders.

Autoimmune Diet Food List

The autoimmune Paleo Diet excludes all grains and processed foods and aims to include fruits, vegetables, lean meats, and fatty fish. Some of the foods to include in the autoimmune paleo diet are

• Fresh fruits
• Vegetables excluding nightshade vegetables
• Chicken, grass-fed meats, organ meats
• Fatty fish
• Fermented drinks
• Coconut oil/milk
• Herbal teas
• Gelatin
• Healthy oils like olive oil and avocado oil

Some foods to be eliminated in the autoimmune paleo diet are

• Dairy products
• Eggs
• Nuts and seeds
• Dry fruits
• Grains
• Beans and legumes
• Chocolates
• Nightshade vegetables
• Tapioca
• Vegetable oil
• Artificial sweeteners
• Processed foods

The elimination diet has to be followed for a minimum of 30-90 days and some of the foods can be reintroduced one at a time to observe the positive change in the body. The gradual introduction of nightshade vegetables individually is advised. Consistent intake of a particular food for three days is necessary to observe any potential reactions before starting the introduction of the next food.

Autoimmune Paleo Diet

• Early morning drink @ 6:30 am: Green tea with a dash of lemon and mint
• Breakfast @ 9 am: Avocado-pomegranate salad
• Mid-morning meal @ 11 am: Herbal tea with grilled salmon
• Lunch @ 1 pm: Baked chicken patties with fresh cucumber salad
• Evening snack @ 4 pm: Steamed sweet potatoes
• Dinner @ 7 pm: Roasted vegetables in clear soup

An autoimmune paleo diet helps in reducing gut inflammation and aids in the healing of the gastrointestinal tract. The autoimmune paleo diet aims to eliminate highly processed and sugary foods from the diet to avoid inflammation and pain.

The autoimmune paleo diet balances the gut microbiota and helps in optimizing the intake of nutrient-dense foods. Grains and processed foods are not part of the traditional paleo diet. it mainly focuses on fruits, vegetables, organic meat, seafood, and healthy oils.

The sensitivity towards foods varies for different persons with different diseases. The gut microbiota aids in the digestion and synthesis of essential vitamins and prevents the clumping of pathogens. Type 1 diabetes, lupus (SLE), PCOS, Coeliac disease, Hashimoto’s disease, Rheumatoid arthritis, Adrenal fatigue, Multiple sclerosis, Sjogren’s disease, and people with recurrent viral infections can benefit from an autoimmune paleo diet.

The autoimmune paleo diet is recommended for 30 days initially until a positive change is noticed. The reintroduction of restricted foods should be done slowly and systematically.

Autoimmune Disease
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